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Abstract

People's urgent needs for clean, safe, and enjoyable living conditions have enabled Nature Education (NE), a form of Environmental Education (EE), to burgeon to meet the needs of the environmental predicament in the People's Republic of China (PRC). This emergent qualitative study was guided by grounded theory based on data collection and analysis from transcribing and translating 12 in-depth interviews with four case study NE organizations. Building on Integral theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, this study analyzes how cultural perspectives of human-nature relationships contribute to the progression of indigenous environmental education. Based on three cycles of coding and the resulting themes that allowed me to trace the emergence and development of NE in PRC, this study presents a new model, the holarchy of human environmental needs, that includes needs on several levels: survival, resource utilization, social activities, psychological health, to self-actualization. When all levels of environmental needs are met through NE, participants can eventually attain the ultimate harmony with NATURE embodied in Taoism. Within the social context of increasing urban-rural differentiation in PRC, this study also proposes a systematic Experience in nature (EN) network, along with a list of practical suggestion for NE organizations and practitioners to take advantage of community networks, thus raising the efficiency of need-based environmental education.

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